Range of motion
ROM norms by region
Normal values per the AAOS reference standard, paired with the functional ranges daily activities actually require, because the clinical question is usually adequacy for the task, not distance from the textbook number.
Shoulder ROM
Normal shoulder range of motion values per AAOS, with the functional ranges that everyday tasks actually require.
Elbow and Forearm ROM
Normal elbow flexion-extension and forearm rotation values per AAOS, with the classic Morrey functional arc.
Wrist and Hand ROM
Normal wrist, thumb, and finger range of motion values per AAOS, with notes on where published finger norms differ.
Hip, Knee, and Ankle ROM
Normal lower extremity range of motion values per AAOS, with the functional ranges that transfers, stairs, and sit-to-stand require.
Cervical and Thoracolumbar ROM
Normal cervical and thoracolumbar spine range of motion values per AAOS, with driving and ADL context.